Research article – Open access
Cyber Warfare in the Light of International Humanitarian Law
Dr. Ahmed Hatem Al-Rubaie
Pages 1 – 12
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Abstract
This study examines the concept of cyber warfare and analyzes its legal status under international humanitarian law. It explores whether existing legal frameworks, especially the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, can adequately govern cyber operations during armed conflict. The research adopts an analytical and deductive approach to assess how core humanitarian principles such as distinction, proportionality, and military necessity apply in cyberspace. It concludes that although international humanitarian law can be extended to cyber warfare, the unique nature of cyber operations creates significant legal and practical challenges that require clearer interpretation and more effective regulation.
Research article – Open access
Reforms in the Gulf countries to achieve first-world status
Dr. Kloud Abdel-Karim Masoudi
Pages 13 – 27
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Abstract
This research discusses the role of political and economic reforms in helping Gulf countries move toward greater stability, development, and global competitiveness. It reviews the concepts of political and economic reform, the challenges facing Gulf Cooperation Council states, and the importance of reducing dependence on oil-based rentier economies. The study argues that sustainable progress requires an integrated reform strategy combining political modernization, economic diversification, institutional development, and educational reform. It concludes that Gulf states can improve their long-term prospects by adopting balanced reforms that strengthen governance, democracy, and economic resilience.
Research article – Open access
The behavioral approach of religious parties in dealing with their societies in Arab countries
Midah Anwar Abdel-Hay
Pages 28 – 42
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Abstract
This study analyzes the behavior of religious political parties in Arab societies and their relationship with democratic participation, civil peace, and social stability. It investigates whether such parties can reconcile religious legitimacy with democratic mechanisms and whether they contribute to resolving conflicts or deepening divisions. The research focuses on the ideological foundations, political practices, and social influence of religious parties, while also examining their flexibility in adapting to contemporary political realities. It concludes that religious parties have played a noticeable role in democratic transitions, showing organizational strength, electoral effectiveness, and increasing acceptance of citizenship and equality, although their role remains shaped by complex political and social conditions.
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ISSN: 3050-7618
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